Mogil JS. 2012. Sex differences in pain and pain inhibition: multiple explanations of a controversial phenomenon. Nat Rev Neurosci 13: 859– 866. DOI:10.1038/nrn3360

Traub RJ, Ji Y. 2013. Sex differences and hormonal modulation of deep tissue pain. Front Neuroendocrinol 34: 350– 366. DOI:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.002

Vacca V, Marinelli S, Pieroni L, Urbani A, Luvisetto S, Pavone F. 2016. 17β‐Estradiol counteracts neuropathic pain: a behavioural, immunohistochemical, and proteomic investigation on sex‐related differences in mice. Sci Rep 6: 18980. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep18980

Diabete

Lüscher TF. Sex and gender and cardiovascular medicine: impact in diabetes, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure. European Heart Journal (2020) 41, 1311–1314. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/13/1311/5814227 

Malmborg  M. Does type 2 diabetes confer higher relative rates of cardiovascular events in women compared with men? Eur Heart J. 2020 Apr 1;41(13):1346-1353. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz913

Sattar N. Type 2 diabetes-related sex differences in cardiovascular risk: reasons, ramifications, and clinical realities. Eur Heart J. 2020 Apr 1;41(13):1354-1356. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz914

Ritter R. Sex differences in the risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes. Biol Sex Differ. 2020; 11: 1. doi: 10.1186/s13293-019-0277-z

Crump C. Preterm birth and risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a national cohort study. Diabetologia. 2020 Mar;63(3):508-518. DOI:10.1007/s00125-019-05044-z

Peters, S.A.E. & Woodward, M. Sex Differences in the Burden and Complications of Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep (2018) 18: 33.  DOI:10.1007/s11892-018-1005-5

Nadal-Casellas, A., Proenza, A. M., Llado, I. & Gianotti, M. Sex-dependent differences in rat hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin sensitivity in response to diet-induced obesity. Biochem. Cell Biol. 90, 164–172 (2012) DOI:10.1139/o11-069

Geer, E. B. & Shen, W. Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. Gend Med. 6, 60–75 (2009). DOI:10.1016/j.genm.2009.02.002

Hoeg, L. D. et al. Lipid-induced insulin resistance affects women less than men and is not accompanied by inflammation or impaired proximal insulin signaling. Diabetes 60, 64–73 (2010). DOI: 10.2337/db10-0698

Logue, J. et al. Do men develop type 2 diabetes at lower body mass indices than women? Diabetologia 54, 3003–3006 (2011). doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2313-3

Kautzky-Willer, A., Harreiter, J. & Pacini, G. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr. Rev. 37, 278–316 (2016). DOI:10.1210/er.2015-1137

Macotela, Y., Boucher, J., Tran, T. T. & Kahn, C. R. Sex and depot differences in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Diabetes 58, 803–812 (2009). DOI:10.2337/db08-1054

Wang, Y., O’Neil, A., Jiao, Y. et al. Sex differences in the association between diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5,162,654 participants. BMC Med (2019) 17: 136. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12916-019-1355-0

Escolar-Pujolar, A. et al. The effect of marital status on social and gender inequalities in diabetes mortality in Andalusia. Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr. 65, 21–29 (2018). DOI:10.1016/j.endinu.2017.10.006

Russo GT, Giandalia A, Romeo EL, Nunziata M, Muscianisi M, Ruffo MC, Catalano A, Cucinotta D. Fracture risk in type 2 diabetes: current perspectives and gender differences. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:1615735. DOI:10.1155/2016/1615735

Oikonomou E, Tsigkou V, Lazaros G, et al. The interaction between gender and diabetes mellitus in the coronary heart disease risk. Curr Pharm Des 2016;6:6. DOI:10.2174/1381612822666160606202111

F. Mauvais-Jarvis Gender differences in glucose homeostasis and diabetes Physiol. Behav. (2017) S0031-9384(17)30262-7. DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.016

Sattar N. Gender aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. (2013) 27:501–7. DOI:10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.006

 Harreiter J, Kautzky-Willer A. Sex and gender differences in prevention of type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol. (2018) 9:220. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00220

Gregg EW, Gu Q, Cheng YJ, Narayan KM, Cowie CC. Mortality trends in men and women with diabetes, 1971 to 2000. Ann Intern Med. (2007) 147:149–55. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-147-3-200708070-00167

Mascarenhas-Melo F, Marado D, Palavra F, Sereno J, Coelho Á, Pinto R, et al. Diabetes abrogates sex differences and aggravates cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women. Cardiovasc Diabetol. (2013) 12:61. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-61

 Steinberg HO, Paradisi G, Cronin J, Crowde K, Hempfling A, Hook G, et al. Type II diabetes abrogates sex differences in endothelial function in premenopausal women. Circulation (2000) 101:2040–6.https://ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.cir.101.17.2040

Peterson LR, Saeed IM, McGill JB, Herrero P, Schechtman KB, Gunawardena R, et al. Sex and type 2 diabetes: obesity-independent effects on left ventricular substrate metabolism and relaxation in humans. Obesity (2012) 20:802–10. DOI:10.1038/oby.2011.208

Lyons MR, Peterson LR, McGill JB, Herrero P, Coggan AR, Saeed IM, et al. Impact of sex on the heart's metabolic and functional responses to diabetic therapies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2013) 305:H1584–91. DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00420.2013

Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J. Sex and gender differences in therapy of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2017) 131:230–41. DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.012

Glechner A, Harreiter J, Gartlehner G, Rohleder S, Kautzky A, Tuomilehto J, et al. Sex-specific differences in diabetes prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia (2015) 58(2):242–54. DOI:10.1007/s00125-014-3439-x

Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. (2010) 362:1090–101. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0908292

Arnetz L, Ekberg NR, Alvarsson M. Sex differences in type 2 diabetes: focus on disease course and outcomes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. (2014) 7:409–20. DOI:10.2147/DMSO.S51301

Perreault L, Ma Y, Dagogo-Jack S, Horton E, Marrero D, Crandall J, et al. Sex differences in diabetes risk and the effect of intensive lifestyle modification in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care (2008) 31(7):1416–21.  DOI:10.2337/dc07-2390

Raparelli V, Proietti M, Romiti GF, Lenzi A, Basili S; EVA Collaborative Group. The Sex-Specific Detrimental Effect of Diabetes and Gender-Related Factors on Pre-admission Medication Adherence Among Patients Hospitalized for Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights From EVA Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:107. Published 2019 Feb 25. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00107 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00107

Huebschmann AG, Huxley RR, Kohrt WM, Zeitler P, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB.Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course. Diabetologia. 2019 Oct;62(10):1761-1772. DOI:10.1007/s00125-019-4939-5

Al-Salameh A, Chanson P, Bucher S, Ringa V, Becquemont L.Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Sex-Related Differences in Predisposition and Prevention Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Feb; 94(2):287-308. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.08.007

Rossi MC, Cristofaro MR, Gentile S, Lucisano G, Manicardi V, Mulas MF, Napoli A, Nicolucci A, Pellegrini F, Suraci C, Giorda C; AMD Annals Study Group. Sex disparities in the quality of diabetes care: biological and cultural factors may play a different role for different outcomes: a cross-sectional observational study from the AMD Annals initiative. Diabetes Care. 2013 Oct;36(10):3162-8. DOI:10.2337/dc13-0184

 Manicardi V, Russo G, Napoli A, Torlone E, Li Volsi P, Giorda CB, Musacchio N, Nicolucci A, Suraci C, Lucisano G, et al. Gender-Disparities in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: More Than a Quality of Care Issue. A Cross-Sectional Observational Study from the AMD Annals Initiative. PLoS One. 2016; 11(10):e0162960. Epub 2016 Oct 3. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162960

Russo G, Pintaudi B, Giorda C, Lucisano G, Nicolucci A, Cristofaro MR, Suraci C, Mulas MF, Napoli A, Rossi MC, Manicardi V. Age- and Gender-Related Differences in LDL-Cholesterol Management in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:957105. DOI:10.1155/2015/957105

Manicardi V, Rossi MC, Romeo EL. Et al. Gender differences in type 2 diabetes (Italy). Ital J Gender-Specific Med 2016; 2(2): 60-68. DOI 10.1723/2446.25646

V. Manicardi, G. Russo, M.C. Rossi (2019) Donne, diabete e rischio cardiovascolare. JAMD Vol. 21-4. http://www.jamd.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/AMD-supplemento-x-stampa.pdf

Metabolismo

Kanter R, Caballero B. Global gender disparities in obesity: a review. Adv Nutr (2012) 3(4):491–8. DOI:10.3945/an.112.002063

Lovejoy JC, Sainsbury A; Stock Conference 2008 Working Group. Sex differences in obesity and the regulation of energy  homeostasis. Obes Rev (2009) 10(2):154–67. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00529.x

Kautzky-Willer A, Handisurya A. Metabolic diseases and associated complications: sex and gender matter! Eur J Clin Invest (2009) 39(8):631–48. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02161.x

Ciampolillo, A. (2019). Metabolic syndrome and gut microbiota: there is a gender difference? Ital J Gender-Specific Med 2019; 5(1):21-26. DOI 10.1723/3148.31295 

Link JC, Reue K. Genetic Basis for Sex Differences in Obesity and Lipid Metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:225–245. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064827 DOI:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064827

Chang E, Varghese M, Singer K. Gender and Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(9):69. Published 2018 Jul 30. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1031-3

Valencak TG, Osterrieder A, Schulz TJ. Sex matters: The effects of biological sex on adipose tissue biology and energy metabolism. Redox Biol. 2017;12:806–813. DOI:10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.012

White UA, Tchoukalova YD. Sex dimorphism and depot differences in adipose tissue function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1842(3):377–392. 

Link JC, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Cantor RM, et al. Diet, gonadal sex, and sex chromosome complement influence white adipose tissue miRNA expression. BMC Genomics. 2017;18(1):89. Published 2017 Jan 17. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.006

Xu YXZ, Ande SR, Mishra S. Gonadectomy in Mito-Ob mice revealed a sex-dimorphic relationship between prohibitin and sex steroids in adipose tissue biology and glucose homeostasis. Biol Sex Differ. 2018;9(1):37. DOI:10.1186/s13293-018-0196-4

 Tao Z, Zheng LD, Smith C, et al. Estradiol signaling mediates gender difference in visceral adiposity via autophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(3):309. DOI:10.1038/s41419-018-0372-9

Recettori per estrogeni

Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2019;116:135–170. DOI:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001

 Vona, R., Gambardella, L., Ortona, E., Santulli, M., Malorni, W., Carè, A., Pietraforte, D., & Straface, E. (2019). Functional Estrogen Receptors of Red Blood Cells. Do They Influence Intracellular Signaling?  Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 53 1 , 186-199. DOI:10.33594/000000129 

 Subhashis Banerjee, Ken L. Chambliss, Chieko Mineo, Philip W. Shaul. Recent insights into non-nuclear actions of estrogen receptor alpha. Steroids. 2014 Mar; 81: 64–69.  DOI:10.1016/j.steroids.2013.11.002

J Tamargo, G Rosano, T Walther, J Duarte, A Niessner, JC Kaski, C Ceconi, H Drexel, K Kjeldsen, G Savarese, C Torp-Pedersen, D Atar, BS Lewis, S Agewall, Gender differences in the effects of cardiovascular drugs, European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, Volume 3, Issue 3, July 2017, Pages 163–182, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw042

Gender Differences in the Pharmacological Actions of Pegylated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Angiogenic Precursor Cells in a Combination of Metabolic Disorders and Lung Emphysema.Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Oct 30;20(21). pii: E5414. DOI:10.3390/ijms20215414

Meiners B. Clinical and preclinical evidence of sex-related differences in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.Biol Sex Differ. 2018 Aug 29;9(1):38.DOI:10.1186/s13293-018-0198-2

Cadeddu Dessalvi, C., Pepe, A., Penna, C. et al. Sex differences in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: the benefits of estrogens. Heart Fail Rev 24, 915–925 (2019). DOI:10.1007/s10741-019-09820-2

Santalucia P. Gender difference in drug use in hospitalized elderly patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2015 Sep;26(7):483-90. DOI:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.07.006

Bitto A. Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice. Elife. 2016 Aug 23;5. DOI:10.7554/eLife.16351

Pace S et al. Androgen-mediated sex bias impairs efficiency of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors in males. J Clin Invest 2017 Aug 1;127(8):3167-3176.  doi: 10.1172/JCI92885. Epub 2017 Jul 24. DOI:10.1172/JCI92885

Fitofarmaci

Campesi, Romani, Franconi. The Sex-Gender Effects in the Road to Tailored Botanicals.  Nutrients. 2019 Jul 17;11(7). DOI: 10.3390/nu11071637

Greco EA, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S, Gessani S. Epigenetic Modifications Induced by Nutrients in Early Life Phases: Gender Differences in Metabolic Alteration in Adulthood. Front Genet. 2019 Sep 11;10:795. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2019.00795

 Pace S, Pergola C, Dehm F, et al. Androgen-mediated sex bias impairs efficiency of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors in males. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(8):3167–3176. DOI:10.1172/JCI92885

Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in health. Science & Society Series on Sex and Science. EMBO Rep. 2012 Jun 29;13(7):596-603. DOI:10.1038/embor.2012.87.

Della Torre S. Sex Differences: A Resultant of an Evolutionary Pressure? - Cell Metab. 2017 Mar 7;25(3):499-505. DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.006

Okyar, A., Kumar, S.A., Filipski, E. et al. Sex-, feeding-, and circadian time-dependency of P-glycoprotein expression and activity - implications for mechanistic pharmacokinetics modeling. Sci Rep 9, 10505 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46977-0

Lee C, Kim J, Jung Y. Potential Therapeutic Application of Estrogen in Gender Disparity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cells. 2019 Oct 15;8(10). doi: 10.3390/cells8101259

Autoimmunità

Laganà B, Zullo A, Scribano ML, et al. Sex Differences in Response to TNF-Inhibiting Drugs in Patients With Spondyloarthropathies or Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:47. Published 2019 Jan 28. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00047

González DA, Díaz BB, Rodríguez Pérez Mdel C, Hernández AG, Chico BN, de León AC. Sex hormones and autoimmunity. Immunol Lett. 2010;133(1):6–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.001

Avila M, Bansal A, Culberson J, Peiris AN. The Role of Sex Hormones in Multiple Sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 2018;80(1-2):93–99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000494262

Tiniakou E, Costenbader KH, Kriegel MA. Sex-specific environmental influences on the development of autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol. 2013;149(2):182–191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.011

Tedeschi SK, Bermas B, Costenbader KH. Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of SLE and RA. Clin Immunol. 2013;149(2):211–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.003

Dupuis ML, Conti F, Maselli A, et al. The Natural Agonist of Estrogen Receptor β Silibinin Plays an Immunosuppressive Role Representing a Potential Therapeutic Tool in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1903. Published 2018 Aug 17. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01903

Immunità anti-infettiva

Jones BG et al. From influenza virus infections to lupus: synchronous estrogen receptor α and RNA polymerase II binding within the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Viral Immunol. 2020 Feb 27. DOI:10.1089/vim.2019.0144

Ingersoll MA. Sex differences shape the response to infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(12):e1006688. Published 2017 Dec 28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006688

 Vom Steeg LG, Flores-Garcia Y, Zavala F, Klein SL. Irradiated sporozoite vaccination induces sex-specific immune responses and protection against malaria in mice. Vaccine. 2019;37(32):4468–4476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.075

Muenchhoff M, Goulder PJ. Sex differences in pediatric infectious diseases. J Infect Dis. 2014;209 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):S120–S126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu232

Ghosh S, Klein RS. Sex Drives Dimorphic Immune Responses to Viral Infections. J Immunol. 2017;198(5):1782–1790. doi: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601166

Ruggieri A, Gagliardi MC, Anticoli S. Sex-Dependent Outcome of Hepatitis B and C Viruses Infections: Synergy of Sex Hormones and Immune Responses?. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2302. Published 2018 Oct 8. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02302

Sistema immunitario

Elderman M, Hugenholtz F, Belzer C, et al. Sex and strain dependent differences in mucosal immunology and microbiota composition in mice. Biol Sex Differ. 2018;9(1):26. Published 2018 Jun 18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-018-0186-6

Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Rider V. Editorial: Sex Hormones and Gender Differences in Immune Responses. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1076. Published 2019 May 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01076

Bernin H, Fehling H, Marggraff C, Tannich E, Lotter H. The cytokine profile of human NKT cells and PBMCs is dependent on donor sex and stimulus. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2016;205(4):321–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-016-0449-y

Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56(3):308–321. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-017-8648-x

Gal-Oz ST, Maier B, Yoshida H, et al. ImmGen report: sexual dimorphism in the immune system transcriptome. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4295. Published 2019 Sep 20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12348-6

Libert C, Dejager L, Pinheiro I. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(8):594–604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2815

 Pinheiro I, Dejager L, Libert C. X-chromosome-located microRNAs in immunity: might they explain male/female differences? The X chromosome-genomic context may affect X-located miRNAs and downstream signaling, thereby contributing to the enhanced immune response of females. Bioessays. 2011;33(11):791–802. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201100047

Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(10):626–638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.90

Vaccini

Flanagan KL, Fink AL, Plebanski M, Klein SL. Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2017;33:577–599. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718

 Hoes J, Knol MJ, Mollema L, Buisman A, de Melker HE, van der Klis FRM. Comparison of antibody response between boys and girls after infant and childhood vaccinations in the Netherlands. Vaccine. 2019;37(32):4504–4510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.055

Baynam G, Zhang G, Khoo SK, et al. Gender-specific effects of cytokine gene polymorphisms on childhood vaccine responses. Vaccine. 2008;26(29-30):3574–3579. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.011

Potluri T, Fink AL, Sylvia KE, et al. Age-associated changes in the impact of sex steroids on influenza vaccine responses in males and females [published correction appears in NPJ Vaccines. 2019 Aug 12;4:35]. NPJ Vaccines. 2019;4:29. Published 2019 Jul 12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-019-0124-6

Fischinger S, Boudreau CM, Butler AL, Streeck H, Alter G. Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Semin Immunopathol. 2019;41(2):239–249. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-018-0726-5

Boef AGC, van der Klis FRM, Berbers GAM, et al. Differences by sex in IgG levels following infant and childhood vaccinations: An individual participant data meta-analysis of vaccination studies. Vaccine. 2018;36(3):400–407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.070

Fink AL, Engle K, Ursin RL, Tang WY, Klein SL. Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(49):12477–12482. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805268115

Colombo D, Chimenti S, Grossi PA, et al. Prevalence of acute and chronic viral seropositivity and characteristics of disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis treated with cyclosporine: a post hoc analysis from a sex point of view on the observational study of infectious events in psoriasis complicated by active psoriatic arthritis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;9:1–7. Published 2015 Dec 22. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S88306

Vázquez-Martínez ER, García-Gómez E, Camacho-Arroyo I, González-Pedrajo B. Sexual dimorphism in bacterial infections. Biol Sex Differ. 2018;9(1):27. Published 2018 Jun 20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-018-0187-5 

Reardon S. Infections reveal inequality between the sexes. Nature. 2016;534(7608):447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/534447a

Humphreys H, Fitzpatick F, Harvey BJ. Gender differences in rates of carriage and bloodstream infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: are they real, do they matter and why?. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(11):1708–1714. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ576

Celestino I, Checconi P, Amatore D, et al. Differential Redox State Contributes to Sex Disparities in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection in Male and Female Mice. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1747. Published 2018 Jul 30. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01747

Celestino I, Checconi P, Amatore D, et al. Differential Redox State Contributes to Sex Disparities in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection in Male and Female Mice. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1747. Published 2018 Jul 30. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01747

Rhines AS. The role of sex differences in the prevalence and transmission of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2013;93(1):104–107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2012.10.012

Úbeda F, Jansen VA. The evolution of sex-specific virulence in infectious diseases. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13849. Published 2016 Dec 13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13849

Marais GAB, Gaillard JM, Vieira C, et al. Sex gap in aging and longevity: can sex chromosomes play a role?. Biol Sex Differ. 2018;9(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s13293-018-0181-y

Ostan R, Monti D, Gueresi P, Bussolotto M, Franceschi C, Baggio G. Gender, aging and longevity in humans: an update of an intriguing/neglected scenario paving the way to a gender-specific medicine. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(19):1711–1725. doi: 10.1042/CS20160004

Machiela MJ, Zhou W, Karlins E, et al. Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11843. DOI:10.1038/ncomms11843

Oksuzyan A, Juel K, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Men: good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20(2):91–102. DOI:10.1007/bf03324754

Chen PL, Tsai YL, Lin MH, Wang J. Gender differences in health promotion behaviors and quality of life among community-dwelling elderly. J Women Aging. 2018;30(3):259-74. DOI:10.1080/08952841.2017.1301170

Chylińska J, Lazarewicz M, Rzadkiewicz M, Adamus M, Jaworski M, Haugan G, et al. The role of gender in the active attitude toward treatment and health among older patients in primary health care-self-assessed health status and sociodemographic factors as moderators. BMC Geriatr. 2017; 17: 284. DOI:10.1186/s12877-017-0677-z

Kiely KM, Brady B, Byles J. Gender, mental health and ageing. Maturitas. 2019 Nov;129:76-84. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.09.004

Roman Lay AA et al. Gender differences between multimorbidity and all-cause mortality among older adults. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2020 Feb 19;2020:7816785. DOI:10.1155/2020/7816785

Vollmer WM, Enright PL, Pedula KL, et al. Race and gender differences in the effects of smoking on lung function. Chest. 2000;117(3):764–772. doi: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.117.3.764

 Grotvedt L, Stigum H, Hovengen R, Graff-Iversen S. Social differences in smoking and snuff use among Norwegian adolescents: A population based survey. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-322.

Nguyen L, Castro O, De Dios R, Sandoval J, McKenna S, Wright CJ. Sex-differences in LPS-induced neonatal lung injury. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8514. Published 2019 Jun 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44955-0

Asma

Baldaçara RP, Silva I. Association between asthma and female sex hormones. Sao Paulo Med J. 2017;135(1):4–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2016.011827016

Koper I, Hufnagl K, Ehmann R. Gender aspects and influence of hormones on bronchial asthma - Secondary publication and update. World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10(1):46. Published 2017 Dec 27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-017-0177-9

Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Mechanisms Driving Gender Differences in Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(3):19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-017-0686-1

Scott HA, Gibson PG, Garg ML, Upham JW, Wood LG. Sex hormones and systemic inflammation are modulators of the obese-asthma phenotype. Allergy. 2016;71(7):1037–1047. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12891

Barbagelata E, Cilloniz C, Nicolini A, Moretti AM.Sex differences in asthma and immunological response: an overview. Ital J Gender-Specific Med. 2019; 5(2): 68-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1723/3188.31665

Ambhore, N. S., Kalidhindi, R. S. R., Pabelick, C. M., Hawse, J. R., Prakash, Y. S., Sathish, V. Differential estrogen-receptor activation regulates extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle remodeling via NF-κB pathway. FASEB J. 2019 Oct 22:fj201901340R. doi: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201901340R

BPCO

Laviolette L, Lacasse Y, Doucet M, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women. Can Respir J. 2007;14(2):93–98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/46343526599602

Sørheim IC, Johannessen A, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS, Silverman EK, DeMeo DL. Gender differences in COPD: are women more susceptible to smoking effects than men?. Thorax. 2010;65(6):480–485. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.122002

Kilic H, Kokturk N, Sari G, Cakır M. Do females behave differently in COPD exacerbation?. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:823–830. Published 2015 Apr 24. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S78952

Aryal S, Diaz-Guzman E, Mannino DM. Influence of sex on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk and treatment outcomes. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:1145–1154. Published 2014 Oct 14. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S54476

Barnes PJ. Sex Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(8):813–814. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201512-2379ED

Camp PG, O'Donnell DE, Postma DS. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in men and women: myths and reality. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6(6):535–538. doi: https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200904-018DS

Aryal S, Diaz-Guzman E, Mannino DM. Influence of sex on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk and treatment outcomes. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:1145–1154. Published 2014 Oct 14. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S54476

 Giannico OV, Ambrosino I, Patano F, Germinario C, Quarto M, Moretti AM. Educational level, marital status and sex as social gender discharge determinants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a time-to-event analysis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2019;89(2):10.4081/monaldi.2019.1017. Published 2019 May 24. doi: https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2019.1017

Kilic H, Kokturk N, Sari G, Cakır M. Do females behave differently in COPD exacerbation?. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:823–830. Published 2015 Apr 24. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S78952

Soriano JB, Maier WC, Egger P, et al. Recent trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax. 2000;55(9):789–794. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.55.9.789

Cote CG, Chapman KR. Diagnosis and treatment considerations for women with COPD. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(3):486–493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01987x

Gan WQ, Man SF, Postma DS, Camp P, Sin DD. Female smokers beyond the perimenopausal period are at increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2006;7(1):52. Published 2006 Mar 29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-7-52

Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007;370(9589):765–773. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61380-4

Ambrosino I, Gallone MS, Patano F, Giannico OV, Barbagelata E, Gnerre P, Politi C, Fontanella A, Germinario CA, Moretti AM. Gender differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an analysis of hospitalization indicators. ITJM. 2019;13(1):38-4. doi: https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2019.1099 

Assad NA, Balmes J, Mehta S, Cheema U, Sood A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease secondary to household air pollution. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(3):408–421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554846

Celli B, Vestbo J, Jenkins CR, et al. Sex differences in mortality and clinical expressions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The TORCH experience. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):317–322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201004-0665OC 

Celli B, Vestbo J, Jenkins CR, et al. Sex differences in mortality and clinical expressions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The TORCH experience. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):317–322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201004-0665OC

Tam A, Bates JH, Churg A, Wright JL, Man SF, Sin DD. Sex-Related Differences in Pulmonary Function following 6 Months of Cigarette Exposure: Implications for Sexual Dimorphism in Mild COPD. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164835. Published 2016 Oct 27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164835

Robles PG, Brooks D, Goldstein R, Salbach N, Mathur S. Gender-associated differences in pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2014;34(2):87–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000018

Barbagelata E, Nicolini A, Ambrosino I, Politi C. Gender differences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update on the literature. ITJM. 2018;12(3):171-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.4081/itjm.2018.987 

Dransfield MT, Washko GR, Foreman MG, Estepar RS, Reilly J, Bailey WC. Gender differences in the severity of CT emphysema in COPD. Chest. 2007;132(2):464–470. doi: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-0863

Barnes PJ. Sex Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(8):813–814. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201512-2379ED

Gonzalez AV, Suissa S, Ernst P. Gender differences in survival following hospitalisation for COPD. Thorax. 2011;66(1):38–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.141978

Han MK, Postma D, Mannino DM, et al. Gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: why it matters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(12):1179–1184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200704-553CC 

Yang, C.X., Shi, H., Ding, I. et al. Widespread Sexual Dimorphism in the Transcriptome of Human Airway Epithelium in Response to Smoking. Sci Rep 9, 17600 (2019).https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-54051-y

Embolia 

Agarwal S, Clark D 3rd, Sud K, Jaber WA, Cho L, Menon V. Gender Disparities in Outcomes and Resource Utilization for Acute Pulmonary Embolism Hospitalizations in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(8):1270–1276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.048

Enfisema

Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Sciurba F, et al. Sex differences in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(3):243–252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200606-828OC

Nguyen L, Castro O, De Dios R, Sandoval J, McKenna S, Wright CJ. Sex-differences in LPS-induced neonatal lung injury. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8514. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-44955-0

Maxeiner S, Sester M, Krasteva-Christ G. Novel human sex-typing strategies based on the autism candidate gene NLGN4X and its male-specific gametologue NLGN4Y. Biol Sex Differ. 2019;10(1):62. Published 2019 Dec 18. doi: 10.1186/s13293-019-0279-x

Galjaard S et al. Sex differences in fetal growth and immediate birth outcomes in a low-risk Caucasian population. Biol Sex Differ. 2019 Sep 9;10(1):48. DOI:10.1186/s13293-019-0261-7

 J. N. Giedd, A. Raznahan, K. L. Mills, and R. K. Lenroot, “Review: magnetic resonance imaging of male/female dif- ferences in human adolescent brain anatomy,” Biology of Sex Differences, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 19, 2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3472204/

Caslin B, Maguire C, Karmakar A, Mohler K, Wylie D, Melamed E. Alcohol shifts gut microbial networks and ameliorates a murine model of neuroinflammation in a sex-specific pattern.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Dec 2

Duong, P., Tenkorang, M.A.A., Trieu, J. et al. Neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes of androgens and estrogens in an oxidative stress environment. Biol Sex Differ 11, 12 (2020).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-0283-1 

Demenze e Malattia di Alzheimer

Rahman A. Sex and gender driven modifiers of Alzheimer's: the role for estrogenic control across age, race, medical, and lifestyle risk. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019; 11: 315.doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00315

Congdon EE. Sex Differences in Autophagy Contribute to Female Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:372. DOI:10.3389/fnins.2018.00372 

Chih-Ching Liu, Chung-Yi Li, Yu Sun, and Susan C. Hu, “Gender and Age Differences and the Trend in the Incidence and Prevalence of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease in Taiwan: A 7-Year National Population-Based Study,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2019, Article ID 5378540, 12 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5378540.

S. Gao, H. C. Hendrie, K. S. Hall, and S. Hui, “The re- lationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 809–815, 1998.  10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.809

Haupt S. Identification of cancer sex-disparity in the functional integrity of p53 and its X chromosome network.Nat Commun. 2019 Nov 26;10(1):5385.doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13266-3

Li CH. Sex Differences in Cancer Driver Genes and Biomarkers. Cancer Res. 2018 Oct 1;78(19):5527-5537. https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/78/19/5527

Conforti F. Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients' sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jun;19(6):737-746.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30261-4

Marchetti P. Sexual Dimorphism of Immune Responses: A New Perspective in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2018 Mar 21;9:552. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00552

Dorak MT, Karpuzoglu E. Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: an inadequately addressed issue. Front Genet. 2012;3:268. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00268

Hogberg J. Gender differences in cancer susceptibility: role of oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis. 2016 Oct;37(10):985-992. DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgw076

M.B. Cook, K.A. McGlynn, S.S. Devesa, N.D. Freedman, W.F. AndersonSex disparities in cancer mortality and survivalCancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 20 (2011), pp. 1629-1637. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0246

Zhu Y. Sex disparities in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2019 Sep 18;466:35-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.017

Grassadonia A. Effect of Gender on the Outcome of Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Phase III Randomized Clinical Trials. J Clin Med. 2018 Dec 12;7(12). DOI:10.3390/jcm7120542

Botticelli A. The sexist behaviour of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy? Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 1;8(59):99336-99346. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.22242

Yuan Y.Comprehensive Characterization of Molecular Differences in Cancer between Male and Female Patients. Cancer Cell. 2016 May 9;29(5):711-722. DOI:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.001

Clocchiatti A. Sexual dimorphism in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016 May;16(5):330-9. DOI:10.1038/nrc.2016.30

Kroemer G. Cancer immunotherapy in 2017: The breakthrough of the microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018 Jan 30;18(2):87-88. DOI:10.1038/nri.2018.4

Dunford A. Tumor-suppressor genes that escape from X-inactivation contribute to cancer sex bias. Nat Genet. 2017 Jan;49(1):10-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206905/ 

APPARATO DIGERENTE

Clausen F. Sexual dimorphism in gastric cancer: tumor-associated neutrophils predict patient outcome only for women.J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2020 Jan;146(1):53-66. DOI:10.1007/s00432-019-03082-z

Booth CM. The role of sex in the outcomes of patients with biliary tract cancers remains unclear: A population-based study. Am J Surg. 2018 Dec;216(6):1118-1121. DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.05.021

Lopes-Ramos CM. Gene Regulatory Network Analysis Identifies Sex-Linked Differences in Colon Cancer Drug Metabolism. Cancer Res. 2018 Oct 1;78(19):5538-5547.DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0454

Lopes-Ramos CM. Correction: Gene Regulatory Network Analysis Identifies Sex-Linked Differences in Colon Cancer Drug Metabolism. Cancer Res. 2019 Apr 15;79(8):2084. https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/79/8/2084

Yang Y. Gender differences in colorectal cancer survival: A meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2017 Nov 15;141(10):1942-1949.DOI:10.1002/ijc.30827

Garufi C. Gender effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms and miRNAs targeting clock-genes in metastatic colorectal cancer patients (mCRC). Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 26;6:34006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036027/

Etxeberria J. Spatial gender-age-period-cohort analysis of pancreatic cancer mortality in Spain (1990-2013). PLoS One. 2017 Feb 15;12(2):e0169751. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5310874/

Nipp R. Disparities in cancer outcomes across age, sex, and race/ethnicity among patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer Med. 2018 Feb;7(2):525-535. DOI:10.1002/cam4.1277

APPARATO RESPIRATORIO

Vargas AJ. Biomarker development in the precision medicine era: lung cancer as a case study. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016 Aug;16(8):525-37.DOI:10.1038/nrc.2016.56

MELANOMA

Duma N. Sex Differences in Tolerability to Anti-Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Are We All Equal? Oncologist. 2019 Apr 29.DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0094

Marzagalli M. Estrogen Receptor beta in Melanoma: From Molecular Insights to Potential Clinical Utility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Oct 26;7:140.DOI:10.3389/fendo.2016.00140

Tsai. Outcome disparities by sex in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy. 

Gibney GT. Choice of first-line therapy in metastatic melanoma. Cancer. 2019 Mar 1;125(5):666-669. DOI:10.1002/cncr.31774

Gupta S. Gender Disparity and Mutation Burden in Metastatic Melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015 Aug 20;107(11). DOI:10.1093/jnci/djv221

Dronca RS. A gender factor in shaping T-cell immunity to melanoma. Front Oncol. 2015 Feb 2;5:8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313609/

SISTEMA NERVOSO

Ward S. An integrative view on sex differences in brain tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015 Sep;72(17):3323-42. DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1930-2

Glioblastoma

Warrington NM. Sex differences in GBM revealed by analysis of patient imaging, transcriptome, and survival data.Sci Transl Med. 2019 Jan 2;11(473). DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5253

Han C. Estrogen receptor variant ER-alpha36 promotes tamoxifen agonist activity in glioblastoma cells. Cancer Sci. 2019 Jan;110(1):221-234.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6317923/

TUMORI DELL'OSSO

Cheung MC. Ewing sarcoma demonstrates racial disparities in incidence-related and sex-related differences in outcome: an analysis of 1631 cases from the SEER database, 1973-2005. Cancer. 2009 Aug 1;115(15):3526-36. DOI:10.1002/cncr.24388

TUMORI DELLA TIROIDE

 Rahbari R, Zhang L, Kebebew E. Thyroid cancer gender disparity. Future Oncol. 2010;6(11):1771–1779. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077966/

TUMORI DELLE CELLULE DEL SANGUE

Liu Y. Sex-related DNA methylation differences in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biol Sex Differ. 2019 Jan 7;10(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s13293-018-0213-7. DOI:10.1186/s13293-018-0213-7

Cicconi L. et al. Long-term results of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in non-high-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia: update of the APL0406 Italian-German randomized trial. Leukemia 2019 Oct 14. DOI:10.1038/s41375-019-0589-3

 Lo Coco F et al Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia N Engl J of Med 2013, 369:111-121  DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1300874 

 TUMORI DELL'APPARATO URINARIO

Mancini M. et al. Spotlight on gender-specific disparities in bladder cancer. Urologia. 2019 Dec 23:391560319887327. DOI:10.1177/0391560319887327

Low Back Pain 

Jùn-Qīng Wáng, and Zoltán Káplár. Increased low back pain prevalence in females than in males after menopause age: evidences based on synthetic literature review Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2016 Apr; 6(2): 199–206. doi: 10.21037/qims.2016.04.06.

Paul S Sung, J Tim Zipple, Pamela Danial. Gender Differences in Asymmetrical Limb Support Patterns Between Subjects With and Without Recurrent Low Back Pain. Hum Mov Sci , 52, 36-44 Apr 2017

Esther Pries, Marcel Dreischarf ... Hendrik Schmidt. The Effects of Age and Gender on the Lumbopelvic Rhythm in the Sagittal Plane in 309 Subjects. J Biomech , 48 (12), 3080-7 2015 Sep 18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.030

Rei Ono, Shin Yamazaki ... Shunichi Fukuhara. Gender Difference in Association Between Low Back Pain and Metabolic Syndrome: Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcome in Aizu Cohort Study (LOHAS). Spine (Phila Pa 1976) , 37 (13), 1130-7 2012 Jun 1. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31824231b8

Gheorghe Ungureanu, Alexandra Chitu ... Ioan Stefan Florian. Gender Differences in the Self-assessment of Quality of Life and Disability After Spinal Fusion for Chronic Low Back . Pain at a Neurosurgical Center in Eastern Europe. Neurospine , 15 (3), 261-268 Sep 2018

Osteoartrosi

Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, Andrew Judge ... Nigel K Arden. Incidence and Risk Factors for Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip and Hand Osteoarthritis: Influences of Age, Gender and Osteoarthritis Affecting Other Joints. Ann Rheum Dis , 73 (9), 1659-64 Sep 2014

Traumatologia

L Vranken, C E Wyers ... J P Van den Bergh. Comorbidities and Medication Use in Patients With a Recent Clinical Fracture at the Fracture Liaison Service. Osteoporos Int , 29 (2), 397-407 Feb 2018.DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4290-y

Robert S Sterling. Gender and Race/Ethnicity Differences in Hip Fracture Incidence, Morbidity, Mortality, and Function. Clin Orthop Relat Res , 469 (7), 1913-8 Jul 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-010-1736-3

Lorena Saletti-Cuesta, Liz Tutton, Julie Wright. The Relevance of Gender in the Care of Hip Fracture Patients.Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs , 22, 3-12 Aug 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijotn.2015.10.004

Adam S Galbraith, Clara Sanz-Nogués ... Colin MurphyDiabetes Mellitus and Gender Have a Negative Impact on the Outcome of Hip Fracture Surgery-A Pilot Study. J Orthop Res 2019 Nov 7[Online ahead of print]. DOI: 10.1002/jor.24517Integrating a Gender Dimension Into Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk Research . Gend Med , 4 Suppl B, S147-61 2007. DOI: 10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80055-6

T J Beck, C B Ruff ... S K Brodine. Stress Fracture in Military Recruits: Gender Differences in Muscle and Bone Susceptibility Factors. Bone, 27 (3), 437-44 Sep 2000

Cohen GH, Sampson LA, Fink DS, Wang J, Russell D, Gifford R, et al. Gender, position of authority, and the risk of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among a National Sample of U.S. reserve component personnel. Womens Health Issues. 2016;26(3):268–277. DOI:10.1016/j.whi.2016.01.001

Hourani L, Williams J, Bray RM, Wilk JE, Hoge CW. Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Help Seeking in the U.S. Army. J Womens Health (2002) 2016;25(1):22–31. DOI:10.1089/jwh.2014.5078

Crum-Cianflone NF, Jacobson I. Gender differences of postdeployment post-traumatic stress disorder among service members and veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36:5–18.  DOI:10.1093/epirev/mxt005

Guma E et al. Neuroanatomical and Symptomatic Sex Differences in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis  Front Psychiatry 2017, vol 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00291

Rebecca MShansky. . Sex differences in PTSD resilience and susceptibility: Challenges for animal models of fear learning. Neurobiology of Stress Volume 1, January 2015, Pages 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.005

Tzeng, Wen-Chii & Chiang, Yu‐Shuang & Feng, Hsin‐Pei & Chien, Wu‐Chien & Tai, Yueh‐Ming & Chen, Mei‐Jung. (2019). Gender differences in metabolic syndrome risk factors among patients with serious mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 10.1111/inm.12670

Jingyi Qian, Christopher J. Morris, Rosanna Caputo, Wei Wang, Marta Garaulet, Frank A. J. L. Scheer Sex differences in the circadian misalignment effects on energy regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Nov 19; 116(47): 23806–23812. Published online 2019 Nov 4. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1914003116

DISFORIA DI GENERE

D S Adnan Majid,  Sarah M Burke,  Amirhossein Manzouri,  Teena D Moody, Cecilia Dhejne,  Jamie D Feusner,  Ivanka Savic. Neural Systems for Own-body Processing Align with Gender Identity Rather Than Birth-assigned Sex. Cerebral Cortex, bhz282. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz282

Luger T, Seibt R, Rieger MA, Steinhilber B. Sex differences in muscle activity and motor variability in response to a non-fatiguing repetitive screwing task. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):6. Published 2020 Jan 28. DOI:10.1186/s13293-020-0282-2

Rosa-Caldwell ME et al. Muscle metabolism and atrophy: let's talk about sex. Biol Sex Differ. 2019 Aug 28;10(1):43.DOI:10.1186/s13293-019-0257-3

Schisterman EF, Swanson CW, Lu YL, Mumford SL. The Changing Face of Epidemiology: Gender Disparities in Citations?. Epidemiology. 2017;28(2):159–168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000593

Miller LR, Marks C, Becker JB, et al. Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research. FASEB J. 2017;31(1):29–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600781R

Clayton JA, Tannenbaum C. Sex and Gender Reporting in Research-Reply. JAMA. 2017;317(9):975. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.0151

Streed CG Jr, Makadon HJ. Sex and Gender Reporting in Research. JAMA. 2017;317(9):974–975. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.0145

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